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"Science fiction is the very literature of change. In fact, it is the only such literature we have."
- Frederik Pohl

Lifeboat  
  A small space-worthy craft that can be jettisoned from a larger ship, to save its crew.  

The earliest mention in science fiction that I know about; in common use on Earth, of course.

Through the after port they saw the metal case release its grip on the hull and slide slowly along the Trenton's back until it hung suspended in the illimitable void, directly in prolongation of her length, glistening with reflected light like a ball of fire. There was a pause of a few minutes, then both men were conscious of a perceptible jar. The shining life-boat silently parted from the Trenton's stern and floated gracefully away. They watched it as it slowly gathered headway, moving always on, on, towards where the Sun glowed, a blood-red orb, and both men stood, still, silent and thoughtful long after it was invisible to the eye...


(Lifeboat from 'On the Martian Way' by H.G. Bishop
[Illustration from Amazing Stories, 1927])

The following is from the New York Commercial Review, a trade journal devoted to interplanetary traffic:

“We are informed that the International Astronomical Society has determined that the infinitesimal body lately discovered revolving as another satellite of Venus is the life-boat containing the remains of John R. Winston, who sacrificed himself to rescue the Mercantile (N. Y.) Company’s passenger boat Trenton, last June by pushing her off when she lay stranded on the “neutral” between Mars and the Sun. The Society has named it Winstonius Venus (satellite fourteen). Muller computes its sidereal period 7 h. 14 m. 11.5 s. Dist. in equatorial radii of planet, 2.841; dist, in miles, 5,463.”

Technovelgy from On The Martian Way, by Harry Gore Bishop.
Published by The Broadway Magazine in 1907
Additional resources -

EE 'Doc' Smith used it in Spacehounds of IPC (1931):

At a signal from Captain Csuv the pilot of each lifeboat shot his tiny craft out into space and took his allotted place in the formation following closely behind the Bzarvk, flying toward Europa, now so large in the field of vision that she resembled more a world than a moon. Captain King, in the Callistonian vessel, transmitted to Breckenridge the route and flight data given him by the navigator of the winged craft. The chief pilot, flying “point,” in turn relayed more detailed instructions to the less experienced pilots of the other lifeboats.


(From Lifeboats from 'Spacehounds of IPC')

John W. Campbell used it in The Derelicts of Ganymede:

"...Get your stuff together and pile it in Lifeboat Seven, that'll be whole, and it's the biggest...

Duke Stetson pulled the releasing lever. Automatic doors opened, and a powerful spring gear drove the little twenty-foot ship clear of the gleaming monster.

Eando Binder used this phrase in Murder on the Asteroid in 1933:

In the wall nearest the hull was an air seal. He opened this. In the tiny chamber revealed rested a small ellipsoid metal object with a bulge of steel-glass on its top surface — the “life boat.”

Due to the constant dangers of meteors in space which might at any moment crash through an ether boat, each space vehicle carried one or more of the life boats. They were simply little one-man ether boats, miniature models of the larger craft, equipped with small but efficient rocket motors. If for any reason the larger boat became unmanageable, damaged, or useless as a vehicle, the passenger could then embark in the life boat and propel himself within reach of rescue. Each life boat was equipped with a radio. They also carried food, oxygen, and heating apparatus.

Hanson, holding the little man in his arms, smirked as he saw the dull metal ellipsoid boat, for it entered his plans of the moment. On its side was emblazoned the same number as was on the outside hull of the bigger boat — P-322-M-505...

Stooping, the fat man grasped the life boat by two of its many rocket tubes, raised it to his chest, and pushed it away from him forcefully. He knew that the gravitation of the asteroid was so small that it would fail to draw back again the little craft as it shot away from him like a blunt bullet.


('Murder on the Asteroid' by Eando Binder)

But before the little object passed out of view altogether, a ghastly white face with wide, fearful eyes appeared in the glass bulge and looked back to Hanson with a pitiful expression of horrible despair,

Hanson began to laugh then, and laughed insanely till he once again took off the suit in the ether boat.

“Mine, all mine!” he shouted, waving an arm to include all the visible topography. "He didn’t deserve any of it, the little rat—and now it's all mine!”

Doc Smith used this phrase just a year later in Triplanetary:

Through the airlock, down through several levels of passenger's quarters they hurried, and into a lifeboat.

Compare this very early use of the concept with a more famous descendant, the escape pod from George Lucas' 1976 story Star Wars.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from On The Martian Way
  More Ideas and Technology by Harry Gore Bishop
  Tech news articles related to On The Martian Way
  Tech news articles related to works by Harry Gore Bishop

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