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"Poised between intransigent scepticism and uncritical credulity, it [science fiction] is par excellence the literature of the open mind."
- John Brunner

Artificial Sun  
  Use of a single large artifact to provide sunlight to a city or a world.  

This is the earliest use of the phrase "artificial sun" that I know about, but it is recreated in different forms in different stories.

In this tale, there is not only an artifical sun, but an entire sky!

Buell was impressed, but it was not until he had been taken out under the artificial sun and sky and had learned its history that he began to have some realization of the power and resources of the man against whom he had pitted his relatively puny strength.

“At night,” said Odd, “the moon, stars and planets will come out and move across the sky, just as they do in the upper world...

"But why this elaborate duplication of the terrestrial heavens?” inquired Buell.

"Our priests are both astronomers and astrologers. They could not properly conduct their holy offices without making their daily and nightly observations.

Technovelgy from The Bride of Osirus, by Otis Adelbert Kline.
Published by Weird Tales in 1927
Additional resources -

Also used in the Rotating Hollow Planetoid Habitat from Electronic Siege by John W. Campbell, published by Wonder Stories in 1932.

"...When the colony was established, the whole interior was carved out with atomic burners — burned the stuff out into gas, and let it escape. The shell’s about half a mile thick. Inside, the centrifugal force gives an acceleration just equal to one earth gravity, we’re up to speed, and you can see we have about an earth-weight away from it now. And an artificial sun gives plenty of light.”

Compare to the reflected artificial sun from Revolt on Inferno (1931) by Victor Rousseau, the orbital mirror from Completely Automatic (1941) by Theodore Sturgeon, the Fusion Sunlight Tube from At the Bottom of a Hole (1966) by Larry Niven and the Lado-Acheson system from Neuromancer (1984) by William Gibson.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from The Bride of Osirus
  More Ideas and Technology by Otis Adelbert Kline
  Tech news articles related to The Bride of Osirus
  Tech news articles related to works by Otis Adelbert Kline

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