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"By the time I can take people out to where Hubble is looking, they won't be human anymore, by a long way."
- Larry Niven

Robot AI Driven Mad  
  Placing an artificial intelligence or autonomous robot in a situation in which its brain is unable to make a decision and is destroyed or driven mad.  

I don't know of an earlier instance of this in science fiction.

Calvin resumed, “But you understand, Herbie, that despite that, Drs. Lanning and Bogert want that solution.”

“By their own efforts!” insisted Herbie.

“But they want it, and the fact that you have it and won’t give it hurts them. You see that, don’t you?”

“Yes! Yes!”

“And if you tell them, that will hurt them, too.”

“Yes! Yes!” Herbie was retreating slowly, and step by step Susan Calvin advanced. The two men watched in frozen bewilderment.

“You can’t tell them,” droned the psychologist slowly, “because that would hurt and you mustn’t hurt. But if you don’t tell them, you hurt, so you must tell them. And if you do, you will hurt and you mustn’t, so you can’t tell them; but if you don’t, you hurt, so you must; but if you do, you hurt, so you mustn’t; but if you don’t, you hurt, so you must; but if you do, you — ”

Herbie was up against the wall, and here he dropped to his knees. “Stop!” he shrieked. “Close your mind! It is full of pain and frustration and hate! I didn’t mean it, I tell you! I tried to help! I told you what you wanted to hear. I had to!”

The psychologist paid no attention, “You must tell them, but if you do, you hurt, so you musn’t; but if you don’t, you hurt, so you must; but — ”

And Herbie screamed!

It was like the whistling of a piccolo many times magnified — shrill and shriller till it keened with the terror of a lost soul and filled the room with the piercingness of itself.

And when it died into nothingness, Herbie collapsed into a huddled heap of motionless metal.

Bogert’s face was bloodless, “He’s dead!”

“No!” Susan Calvin burst into body-racking gusts of wild^ laughter, “not dead — merely insane. I confronted him with the insoluble dilemma, and he broke down. You can scrap him now — because he’ll never speak again.”

Lanning was on his knees beside the thing that had been Herbie. His fingers touched the cold, unresponsive metal face and he shuddered. “You did that on purpose.” He rose and faced her, face contorted.

“What if I did? You can’t help it now.” And in a sudden access of bitterness, “He deserved it.”

Technovelgy from Liar, by Isaac Asimov.
Published by Astounding Science Fiction in 1941
Additional resources -

Other well-known instances of this condition occur in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1969), in which the HAL 9000 computer is driven mad, and in Home is the Hangman (1976) by Roger Zelazny (see the entry for the Hangman robot).

Here's another example from The Mountain in the Sea (2022) by Ray Naylor:

A [autonomous fishing factory] ship had docked at the factory ship with nobody aboard, its hold full. Not a trace of the crew or of the mercenaries who were supposed to have been watching them, until the crew of the factory ship had opened the hold and found them all there, neatly stacked and frozen, crew and guards alike. The ship had failed to catch any fish, and gone mad, decided protein was protein. The ship’s AI mind had to be decommissioned.

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Additional resources:
  More Ideas and Technology from Liar
  More Ideas and Technology by Isaac Asimov
  Tech news articles related to Liar
  Tech news articles related to works by Isaac Asimov

Robot AI Driven Mad-related news articles:
  - Do You Hold Robots Morally Accountable?

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